Analyst Viewpoint
Increase in prevalence of immunodeficiency disorders such as Common Variable Immunodeficiency (CVID) and Autoimmune Lymphoproliferative Syndrome (ALPS), and spike in the launch of advanced therapeutics are primarily driving the immunoglobulins market value. Immunoglobulins, also called antibody proteins, specifically recognize and bind to particular antigens, such as bacteria or viruses, and enable their destruction.
Companies operating in the global immunoglobulins market are collaborating with leading medical centers worldwide to enhance their understanding and ultimately introduce personalized approaches toward the treatment of various immunodeficiencies. In line with the latest immunoglobulins industry trends, they are expanding their clinical development programs for various antibody molecules to treat community-acquired infections, thereby helping prevent further progression.
Immunoglobulins, also called immune globulins, are glycoproteins that are produced by protein-making cells participating in humoral immune responses against fungi, viruses, bacteria, cellular antigens, parasites, synthetic substances, and chemicals.
These humoral antibodies recognize antigens in serum and tissue fluids. The functionality of immunoglobulins includes neutralization, opsonization, complement activation, and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC).
Rise in incidence of diseases pertaining to the immune system, neurology, and hematology is leading to an effective adoption of immunoglobulin products across the globe.
However, higher cost involved in this therapy is restraining the immunoglobulins industry growth to a certain extent. As per an article titled ‘Patients Rising’ published in 2022, patients receive four to five infusions every month, with average monthly cost of more than US$ 40,000.
Attribute | Detail |
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Market Drivers |
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Increase in incidence of immunodeficiency disorders such as Autoimmune Lymphoproliferative Syndrome (ALPS), Autoimmune Polyglandular Syndrome type 1 (APS-1), Chronic Granulomatous Disease (CGD), and Common Variable Immunodeficiency (CVID) is driving the demand for antigen-binding proteins or immunoglobulins.
As per the Leukemia & Lymphoma Society, around 397,501 people all across the U.S. are suffering from leukemia or are experiencing a remission period. It further states that 138,415 individuals suffered from myeloma in 2021.
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), approximately 3000 to 6000 individuals developed the Guillain-Barre Syndrome in 2021. It further mentions that the people aged 50 and above are at a higher risk of contracting the Guillain-Barre Syndrome.
As per an article published by the European Confederation of Pharmaceutical Entrepreneurs (EUCOPE) in November 2022, Myasthenia Gravis (MG) is one of the chronic neuromuscular autoimmune diseases that may result in life-threatening muscle weaknesses, adversely affecting 56,000 to 123,000 people in Europe every year.
In line with increase in number of patients with immunodeficiencies, Kedrion S.p.A., in January 2022, signed an cooperation agreement with the objective of increasing the availability of immunoglobulins for patients based in France.
Thus, rise in incidence of immunodeficiency disorders is one of the kay factors boosting the immunoglobulins market size.
A noticeable rise has been observed in the launch of advanced immunoglobulin therapeutics in the wake of the increase in incidence of immunodeficiencies.
In August 2022, Argenx received the European marketing authorization grant for VYVGART (efgartigimod alfa-fcab), a human IgG1 antibody fragment as an ad-on to the standard therapy for treating adult patients suffering from generalized Myasthenia Gravis (gMG) who are anti-AChR (acetylcholine receptor antibody) positive.
In February 2021, Pfizer Inc. received approval from the US FDA for supplemental Biologics License Application (sBLA) for PANZYGA (Immune Globulin Intravenous [Human] – a 10% liquid preparation) for treating adult patients suffering from the rare neurological disease of peripheral nerves called Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy (CIDP).
PANZYGA is an intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) with two maintenance dosing options for CIDP.
Thus, increase in launch of new therapeutics and drugs, followed by a quick approval process by regulatory authorities, is fueling the immunoglobulins market.
Attribute | Detail |
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Leading Region | North America |
North America accounted for the largest immunoglobulins market share in 2022. The region is expected to continue with its leading position during the forecast period.
The U.S. Government is encouraging the development of plasma centers in the country. Increase in investment in healthcare and growth in prevalence of neurological and immune disorders are also bolstering market expansion in North America.
Europe also constituted key share of the global immunoglobulins industry in 2022, led by the increase in adoption of the immunoglobulin therapy among the median-age population in Germany and the U.K.
The immunoglobulins market forecast in Asia Pacific appears promising, owing to the rise in spending on R&D activities by industry players, improvement in healthcare infrastructure, and growth in immunodeficiency disorders in the region.
Companies operating in the global immunoglobulins landscape are adopting growth strategies such as launch of new product and mergers & acquisitions. They are also carrying out technological advancements and innovations in products to increase their customer base.
Leading players are engaged in inorganic mode of expansion to increase their global footprint. For instance, in May 2023, Advanced Infusion Care (AIC) inked a distribution agreement with Kedrion S.p.A. to distribute GAMMAKED for the treatment of CIDP in adults and ITP in children and adults.
Shire, CSL Behring, Kedrion Biopharma Inc., Grifols, S.A., Octapharma, China Biologic Products Holdings, Inc., Biotest AG, Sanquin, and LFB SA are the prominent players covered in the immunoglobulins market report based on parameters such as company overview, business strategies, financial overview, product portfolio, and business segments.
Attribute | Detail |
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Market Size in 2022 | US$ 16.3 Bn |
Market Forecast (Value) in 2031 | US$ 27.7 Bn |
Growth Rate (CAGR) | 6.2% |
Forecast Period | 2023-2031 |
Historical Data Available for | 2017-2021 |
Quantitative Units | US$ Bn for Value |
Market Analysis | It includes segment analysis as well as regional level analysis. Moreover, qualitative analysis includes drivers, restraints, opportunities, key trends, Porter’s Five Forces analysis, value chain analysis, and key trend analysis. |
Competition Landscape |
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Format | Electronic (PDF) + Excel |
Market Segmentation |
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Regions Covered |
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Countries Covered |
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Companies Profiled |
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Customization Scope | Available Upon Request |
Pricing | Available Upon Request |
It was valued at US$ 16.3 Bn in 2022
It is projected to grow at a CAGR of 6.2% from 2023 to 2031
Growth in prevalence of immunodeficiency disorders and launch of advanced therapeutics
The hospitals segment accounted for the largest share in 2022
North America was the dominant region in 2022
Shire, CSL Behring, Kedrion Biopharma Inc., Grifols, S.A., Octapharma, China Biologic Products Holdings, Inc., Biotest AG, Sanquin, and LFB SA
1. Preface
1.1. Market Definition and Scope
1.2. Market Segmentation
1.3. Key Research Objectives
1.4. Research Highlights
2. Assumptions and Research Methodology
3. Executive Summary: Global Immunoglobulins Market
4. Market Overview
4.1. Introduction
4.1.1. Product Definition
4.1.2. Industry Evolution/Developments
4.2. Overview
4.3. Market Dynamics
4.3.1. Drivers
4.3.2. Restraints
4.3.3. Opportunities
4.4. Global Immunoglobulins Market Analysis and Forecast, 2017–2031
5. Key Insights
5.1. Pipeline Analysis
5.2. Key Product/Brand Analysis
5.3. Key Mergers & Acquisitions
5.4. COVID-19 Pandemic Impact on Industry
6. Global Immunoglobulins Market Analysis and Forecast, by Application
6.1. Introduction & Definition
6.2. Key Findings/Developments
6.3. Market Value Forecast, by Application, 2017–2031
6.3.1. Neurology
6.3.2. Immunology
6.3.3. Hematology
6.3.4. Others
6.4. Market Attractiveness Analysis, by Application
7. Global Immunoglobulins Market Analysis and Forecast, by Route of Administration
7.1. Introduction & Definition
7.2. Key Findings/Developments
7.3. Market Value Forecast, by Route of Administration, 2017–2031
7.3.1. Intravenous
7.3.2. Subcutaneous
7.3.3. Intramuscular
7.4. Market Attractiveness Analysis, by Route of Administration
8. Global Immunoglobulins Market Analysis and Forecast, by End-user
8.1. Introduction & Definition
8.2. Key Findings/Developments
8.3. Market Value Forecast, by End-user, 2017–2031
8.3.1. Hospitals
8.3.2. Clinics
8.3.3. Homecare
8.4. Market Attractiveness Analysis, by Route of Administration
9. Global Immunoglobulins Market Analysis and Forecast, by Region
9.1. Key Findings
9.2. Market Value Forecast, by Region, 2017–2031
9.2.1. North America
9.2.2. Europe
9.2.3. Asia Pacific
9.2.4. Latin America
9.2.5. Middle East & Africa
9.3. Market Attractiveness Analysis, by Region
10. North America Immunoglobulins Market Analysis and Forecast
10.1. Introduction
10.2. Key Findings
10.3. Market Value Forecast, by Application, 2017–2031
10.3.1. Neurology
10.3.2. Immunology
10.3.3. Hematology
10.3.4. Others
10.4. Market Value Forecast, by Route of Administration, 2017–2031
10.4.1. Intravenous
10.4.2. Subcutaneous
10.4.3. Intramuscular
10.5. Market Value Forecast, by End-user, 2017–2031
10.5.1. Hospitals
10.5.2. Clinics
10.5.3. Homecare
10.6. Market Value Forecast, by Country, 2017–2031
10.6.1. U.S.
10.6.2. Canada
10.7. Market Attractiveness Analysis
10.7.1. By Application
10.7.2. By Route of Administration
10.7.3. By End-user
10.7.4. By Country
11. Europe Immunoglobulins Market Analysis and Forecast
11.1. Introduction
11.2. Key Findings
11.3. Market Value Forecast, by Application, 2017–2031
11.3.1. Neurology
11.3.2. Immunology
11.3.3. Hematology
11.3.4. Others
11.4. Market Value Forecast, by Route of Administration, 2017–2031
11.4.1. Intravenous
11.4.2. Subcutaneous
11.4.3. Intramuscular
11.5. Market Value Forecast, by End-user, 2017–2031
11.5.1. Hospitals
11.5.2. Clinics
11.5.3. Homecare
11.6. Market Value Forecast, by Country/Sub-region, 2017–2031
11.6.1. Germany
11.6.2. U.K.
11.6.3. France
11.6.4. Italy
11.6.5. Spain
11.6.6. Rest of Europe
11.7. Market Attractiveness Analysis
11.7.1. By Application
11.7.2. By Route of Administration
11.7.3. By End-user
11.7.4. By Country/Sub-region
12. Asia Pacific Immunoglobulins Market Analysis and Forecast
12.1. Introduction
12.2. Key Findings
12.3. Market Value Forecast, by Application, 2017–2031
12.3.1. Neurology
12.3.2. Immunology
12.3.3. Hematology
12.3.4. Others
12.4. Market Value Forecast, by Route of Administration, 2017–2031
12.4.1. Intravenous
12.4.2. Subcutaneous
12.4.3. Intramuscular
12.5. Market Value Forecast, by End-user, 2017–2031
12.5.1. Hospitals
12.5.2. Clinics
12.5.3. Homecare
12.6. Market Value Forecast, by Country/Sub-region, 2017–2031
12.6.1. China
12.6.2. Japan
12.6.3. India
12.6.4. Australia & New Zealand
12.6.5. Rest of Asia Pacific
12.7. Market Attractiveness Analysis
12.7.1. By Application
12.7.2. By Route of Administration
12.7.3. By End-user
12.7.4. By Country/Sub-region
13. Latin America Immunoglobulins Market Analysis and Forecast
13.1. Introduction
13.2. Key Findings
13.3. Market Value Forecast, by Application, 2017–2031
13.3.1. Neurology
13.3.2. Immunology
13.3.3. Hematology
13.3.4. Others
13.4. Market Value Forecast, by Route of Administration, 2017–2031
13.4.1. Intravenous
13.4.2. Subcutaneous
13.4.3. Intramuscular
13.5. Market Value Forecast, by End-user, 2017–2031
13.5.1. Hospitals
13.5.2. Clinics
13.5.3. Homecare
13.6. Market Value Forecast, by Country/Sub-region, 2017–2031
13.6.1. Brazil
13.6.2. Mexico
13.6.3. Rest of Latin America
13.7. Market Attractiveness Analysis
13.7.1. By Application
13.7.2. By Route of Administration
13.7.3. By End-user
13.7.4. By Country/Sub-region
14. Middle East & Africa Immunoglobulins Market Analysis and Forecast
14.1. Introduction
14.2. Key Findings
14.3. Market Value Forecast, by Application, 2017–2031
14.3.1. Neurology
14.3.2. Immunology
14.3.3. Hematology
14.3.4. Others
14.4. Market Value Forecast, by Route of Administration, 2017–2031
14.4.1. Intravenous
14.4.2. Subcutaneous
14.4.3. Intramuscular
14.5. Market Value Forecast, by End-user, 2017–2031
14.5.1. Hospitals
14.5.2. Clinics
14.5.3. Homecare
14.6. Market Value Forecast, by Country/Sub-region, 2017–2031
14.6.1. GCC Countries
14.6.2. South Africa
14.6.3. Rest of Middle East & Africa
14.7. Market Attractiveness Analysis
14.7.1. By Application
14.7.2. By Route of Administration
14.7.3. By End-user
14.7.4. By Country/Sub-region
15. Competition Landscape
15.1. Market Player - Competitive Matrix (by Tier and Size of Companies)
15.2. Market Share Analysis, by Company (2022)
15.3. Company Profiles
15.3.1. Shire
15.3.1.1. Company Overview
15.3.1.2. Product Portfolio
15.3.1.3. SWOT Analysis
15.3.1.4. Financial Overview
15.3.1.5. Strategic Overview
15.3.2. CSL Behring
15.3.2.1. Company Overview
15.3.2.2. Product Portfolio
15.3.2.3. SWOT Analysis
15.3.2.4. Financial Overview
15.3.2.5. Strategic Overview
15.3.3. Kedrion Biopharma Inc.
15.3.3.1. Company Overview
15.3.3.2. Product Portfolio
15.3.3.3. SWOT Analysis
15.3.3.4. Financial Overview
15.3.3.5. Strategic Overview
15.3.4. Grifols, S.A.
15.3.4.1. Company Overview
15.3.4.2. Product Portfolio
15.3.4.3. SWOT Analysis
15.3.4.4. Financial Overview
15.3.4.5. Strategic Overview
15.3.5. Octapharma
15.3.5.1. Company Overview
15.3.5.2. Product Portfolio
15.3.5.3. SWOT Analysis
15.3.5.4. Financial Overview
15.3.5.5. Strategic Overview
15.3.6. China Biologic Products Holdings, Inc.
15.3.6.1. Company Overview
15.3.6.2. Product Portfolio
15.3.6.3. SWOT Analysis
15.3.6.4. Financial Overview
15.3.6.5. Strategic Overview
15.3.7. Biotest AG
15.3.7.1. Company Overview
15.3.7.2. Product Portfolio
15.3.7.3. SWOT Analysis
15.3.7.4. Financial Overview
15.3.7.5. Strategic Overview
15.3.8. Sanquin
15.3.8.1. Company Overview
15.3.8.2. Product Portfolio
15.3.8.3. SWOT Analysis
15.3.8.4. Financial Overview
15.3.8.5. Strategic Overview
15.3.9. LFB SA
15.3.9.1. Company Overview
15.3.9.2. Product Portfolio
15.3.9.3. SWOT Analysis
15.3.9.4. Financial Overview
15.3.9.5. Strategic Overview
List of Tables
Table 01: Global Immunoglobulins Market Size (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Application, 2017–2031
Table 02: Global Immunoglobulins Market Size (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Route of Administration, 2017–2031
Table 03: Global Immunoglobulins Market Size (US$ Mn) Forecast, by End-user, 2017–2031
Table 04: Global Immunoglobulins Market Size (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Region, 2017–2031
Table 05: North America Immunoglobulins Market Size (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Country, 2017–2031
Table 06: North America Immunoglobulins Market Size (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Application, 2017–2031
Table 07: North America Immunoglobulins Market Size (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Route of Administration, 2017–2031
Table 08: North America Immunoglobulins Market Size (US$ Mn) Forecast, by End-user, 2017–2031
Table 09: Europe Immunoglobulins Market Size (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Country/Sub-region, 2017–2031
Table 10: Europe Immunoglobulins Market Size (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Application, 2017–2031
Table 11: Europe Immunoglobulins Market Size (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Route of Administration, 2017–2031
Table 12: Europe Immunoglobulins Market Size (US$ Mn) Forecast, by End-user, 2017–2031
Table 13: Asia Pacific Immunoglobulins Market Size (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Country/Sub-region, 2017–2031
Table 14: Asia Pacific Immunoglobulins Market Size (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Application, 2017–2031
Table 15: Asia Pacific Immunoglobulins Market Size (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Route of Administration, 2017–2031
Table 16: Asia Pacific Immunoglobulins Market Size (US$ Mn) Forecast, by End-user, 2017–2031
Table 17: Latin America Immunoglobulins Market Size (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Country/Sub-region, 2017–2031
Table 18: Latin America Immunoglobulins Market Size (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Application, 2017–2031
Table 19: Latin America Immunoglobulins Market Size (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Route of Administration, 2017–2031
Table 20: Latin America Immunoglobulins Market Size (US$ Mn) Forecast, by End-user, 2017–2031
Table 21: Middle East & Africa Immunoglobulins Market Size (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Country/Sub-region, 2017–2031
Table 22: Middle East & Africa Immunoglobulins Market Size (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Application, 2017–2031
Table 23: Middle East & Africa Immunoglobulins Market Size (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Route of Administration, 2017–2031
Table 24: Middle East & Africa Immunoglobulins Market Size (US$ Mn) Forecast, by End-user, 2017–2031
List of Figures
Figure 01: Global Immunoglobulins Market Size (US$ Mn) and Distribution (%), by Region, 2022 and 2031
Figure 02: Global Immunoglobulins Market Revenue (US$ Mn), by Application, 2022
Figure 03: Global Immunoglobulins Market Value Share, by Application, 2022
Figure 04: Global Immunoglobulins Market Revenue (US$ Mn), by Route of Administration, 2022
Figure 05: Global Immunoglobulins Market Value Share, by Route of Administration, 2022
Figure 06: Global Immunoglobulins Market Revenue (US$ Mn), by End-user, 2022
Figure 07: Global Immunoglobulins Market Value Share, by End-user, 2022
Figure 08: Global Immunoglobulins Market Value Share, by Region, 2022
Figure 09: Global Immunoglobulins Market Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, 2023–2031
Figure 10: Global Immunoglobulins Market Value Share Analysis, by Application, 2022 and 2031
Figure 11: Global Immunoglobulins Market Attractiveness Analysis, by Application, 2023–2031
Figure 12: Global Immunoglobulins Market Value Share Analysis, by Route of Administration, 2022 and 2031
Figure 13: Global Immunoglobulins Market Attractiveness Analysis, by Route of Administration, 2023–2031
Figure 14: Global Immunoglobulins Market Value Share Analysis, by End-user, 2022 and 2031
Figure 15: Global Immunoglobulins Market Attractiveness Analysis, by End-user, 2023–2031
Figure 16: Global Immunoglobulins Market Value Share Analysis, by Region, 2022 and 2031
Figure 17: Global Immunoglobulins Market Attractiveness Analysis, by Region, 2023–2031
Figure 18: North America Immunoglobulins Market Value (US$ Mn) Forecast and Y-o-Y Growth (%), 2017–2031
Figure 19: North America Immunoglobulins Market Attractiveness Analysis, by Country, 2023–2031
Figure 20: North America Immunoglobulins Market Value Share Analysis, by Country, 2022 and 2031
Figure 21: North America Immunoglobulins Market Value Share Analysis, by Application, 2022 and 2031
Figure 22: North America Immunoglobulins Market Value Share Analysis, by Route of Administration, 2022 and 2031
Figure 23: North America Immunoglobulins Market Value Share Analysis, by End-user, 2022 and 2031
Figure 24: North America Immunoglobulins Market Attractiveness Analysis, by Application, 2023–2031
Figure 25: North America Immunoglobulins Market Attractiveness Analysis, by Route of Administration, 2023–2031
Figure 26: North America Immunoglobulins Market Attractiveness Analysis, by End-user, 2023–2031
Figure 27: Europe Immunoglobulins Market Value (US$ Mn) Forecast and Y-o-Y Growth (%), 2017–2031
Figure 28: Europe Immunoglobulins Market Attractiveness Analysis, by Country/Sub-region, 2023–2031
Figure 29: Europe Immunoglobulins Market Value Share Analysis, by Country/Sub-region, 2022 and 2031
Figure 30: Europe Immunoglobulins Market Value Share Analysis, by Application, 2022 and 2031
Figure 31: Europe Immunoglobulins Market Value Share Analysis, by Route of Administration, 2022 and 2031
Figure 32: Europe Immunoglobulins Market Value Share Analysis, by End-user, 2022 and 2031
Figure 33: Europe Immunoglobulins Market Attractiveness Analysis, by Application, 2023–2031
Figure 34: Europe Immunoglobulins Market Attractiveness Analysis, by Route of Administration, 2023–2031
Figure 35: Europe Immunoglobulins Market Attractiveness Analysis, by End-user, 2023–2031
Figure 36: Asia Pacific Immunoglobulins Market Value (US$ Mn) Forecast and Y-o-Y Growth (%), 2017–2031
Figure 37: Asia Pacific Immunoglobulins Market Attractiveness Analysis, by Country/Sub-region, 2023–2031
Figure 38: Asia Pacific Immunoglobulins Market Value Share Analysis, by Country/Sub-region, 2022 and 2031
Figure 39: Asia Pacific Immunoglobulins Market Value Share Analysis, by Application, 2022 and 2031
Figure 40: Asia Pacific Immunoglobulins Market Value Share Analysis, by Route of Administration, 2022 and 2031
Figure 41: Asia Pacific Immunoglobulins Market Value Share Analysis, by End-user, 2022 and 2031
Figure 42: Asia Pacific Immunoglobulins Market Attractiveness Analysis, by Application, 2023–2031
Figure 43: Asia Pacific Immunoglobulins Market Attractiveness Analysis, by Route of Administration, 2023–2031
Figure 44: Asia Pacific Immunoglobulins Market Attractiveness Analysis, by End-user, 2023–2031
Figure 45: Latin America Immunoglobulins Market Value (US$ Mn) Forecast and Y-o-Y Growth (%), 2017–2031
Figure 46: Latin America Immunoglobulins Market Attractiveness Analysis, by Country/Sub-region, 2023–2031
Figure 47: Latin America Immunoglobulins Market Value Share Analysis, by Country/Sub-region, 2022 and 2031
Figure 48: Latin America Immunoglobulins Market Value Share Analysis, by Application, 2022 and 2031
Figure 49: Latin America Immunoglobulins Market Value Share Analysis, by Route of Administration, 2022 and 2031
Figure 50: Latin America Immunoglobulins Market Value Share Analysis, by End-user, 2022 and 2031
Figure 51: Latin America Immunoglobulins Market Attractiveness Analysis, by Application, 2023–2031
Figure 52: Latin America Immunoglobulins Market Attractiveness Analysis, by Route of Administration, 2023–2031
Figure 53: Latin America Immunoglobulins Market Attractiveness Analysis, by End-user, 2023–2031
Figure 54: Middle East & Africa Immunoglobulins Market Size (US$ Mn) Forecast and Y-o-Y Growth (%), 2017–2031
Figure 55: Middle East & Africa Immunoglobulins Market Attractiveness Analysis, by Country/Sub-region, 2023–2031
Figure 56: Middle East & Africa Immunoglobulins Market Value Share Analysis, by Country/Sub-region, 2022 and 2031
Figure 57: Middle East & Africa Immunoglobulins Market Value Share Analysis, by Application, 2022 and 2031
Figure 58: Middle East & Africa Immunoglobulins Market Value Share Analysis, by Route of Administration, 2022 and 2031
Figure 59: Middle East & Africa Immunoglobulins Market Value Share Analysis, by End-user, 2022 and 2031
Figure 60: Middle East & Africa Immunoglobulins Market Attractiveness Analysis, by Application, 2023–2031
Figure 61: Middle East & Africa Immunoglobulins Market Attractiveness Analysis, by Route of Administration, 2023–2031
Figure 62: Middle East & Africa Immunoglobulins Market Attractiveness Analysis, by End-user, 2023–2031