Automotive Suspension Parts Market

Automotive Suspension Parts Market (Suspension Parts Type: Shock Absorbers, Struts, Links, and Springs; Technology Type: Gas Charged Suspension Components and Hydraulic Suspension Components) - Global Industry Analysis, Size, Share, Growth, Trends, and Forecast, 2022-2031

Automotive Suspension Parts Market Outlook 2031

  • The global automotive suspension parts market was valued over US$ 26.2 Bn in 2021
  • It is projected to grow at a CAGR of 3.56% from 2022 to 2031
  • The global automotive suspension parts market is anticipated to cross value of US$ 37.1 Bn by the end of 2031

Analysts’ Viewpoint on Automotive Suspension Parts Market Scenario

Companies operating in the automotive suspension parts market are focusing on offering safety and comfort solutions for customers & to develop high-performance vehicles. They are also emphasizing on the development of advanced technology suspension parts for vehicles. These advanced solutions include active and semi-active suspension systems, while the active suspension system uses different types of actuators to lower and raise the vehicle chassis independently at each wheel. On the other hand, manufacturers vary the firmness of the shock absorbers in order to match changing road conditions for the semi-active suspension systems. To overcome the economic slowdown caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, companies are increasing import and export trade to pump revenue into the value chain.

global automotive suspension part market

Overview of Automotive Suspension Parts Market

Automotive suspension parts are ideally utilized to keep a vehicle stable on the road and to reduce vehicle body roll over sharp corners, curves, or large bumps. Moreover, suspension components also help maintain the independent movement of each vehicle tire. A car suspension system includes several parts such as shock observers, struts, links, coil, leaf, and torsion bar. All such components are designed by automotive suspension manufacturers to decrease the force from opposing sides of a vehicle and to raise or lower the vehicle in order to maintain a stable position.

Next-gen Sensor Technologies Revolutionizing Automotive Suspension Parts

Automotive suspension market growth factors can be attributed to the introduction of different technological innovations. Increasing integration of sensors and electronics in the suspension component has led to the development of various advanced suspension systems. For instance, continuous damping control (CDC) is one of the prime features in advanced suspension systems, which are equipped with shock absorbers that utilize one or two electrically controlled solenoid valves. This can optimize damping and further improve the ride quality of the vehicle.

The active suspension system has the capability to continuously adjust itself for different road conditions, while such a system artificially extends itself and constantly monitors & adjusts as per the changing road & vehicle situations. Moreover, advanced sensors and microprocessors in the active suspension system provide frequent information in real-time, due to which it can respond to erratic road conditions & further offers superior road feel, safety, responsiveness & vehicle handling.

Manufacturers of premium and luxury cars are also integrating active & semi-active suspensions in order to replace conventional suspension parts. These next-gen automotive suspension parts are offering significant opportunities for expansion of the market. Several auto component manufacturers are making heavy investments to produce highly advanced and efficient car suspensions, which further propel the growth of the automotive suspension parts market. OEMs are increasing output capacities in different types of suspension system.

Stringent Automobile Regulations in North America and Europe Steering Market Growth

The automotive industry across the globe has been witnessing significant expansion over the past two decades. The automotive industry in North America and Europe is highly mature, while the same industry in most of the developing countries including India and South Korea, has made rapid advancements in terms of vehicle production. China recorded the highest production of passenger vehicles across the globe, which was around 21 million units for the year 2021. Therefore, a rise in vehicle production volume in developed and developing nations is propelling the demand for suspension components.

The automotive suspension parts market for premium and luxury vehicles in North America & Europe is considered to be dynamic, due to the large domestic consumer base along with high manufacturing costs and safety concerns. Such findings make these regions highly lucrative for the adoption of different suspension systems that further improve vehicle performance. Moreover, an increase in upper-class population and consumer spending in North America & Europe, who tends to purchase high-end passenger & light commercial vehicles, are compelling automotive companies to boost their output capacities. This, in turn, is estimated to drive the automotive industry and subsequently, bolster the demand for automotive suspension parts.

Rising investment by governments for the development of infrastructure and easy availability of loans or finance solutions for vehicle purchase is also expected to propel vehicle sales and further boost the expansion of the automotive suspension parts market.

Increasing stringency of vehicle safety and regulations in developed & developing countries are considered key factors that are boosting the integration of shock absorbers and other suspension components in vehicles. These advancements are in turn steering growth in the automotive suspension parts market.

Automotive Companies Enabling High-performance Driving Experience with Leading-edge Shock Absorbers

In terms of suspension parts type, the global automotive suspension parts market has been split into shock absorbers, struts, links, and springs. The shock absorbers segment held a dominant share of 38.3% of the automotive suspension parts market in 2021. It is estimated to maintain its dominant position and advance at a growth rate of more than 3% during the forecast period. This can be attributed to innovations in shock absorbers which include the replacement of hydraulic dampers with electromechanical rotary dampers to enable an even more comfortable ride.

Shock absorbers are primarily utilized to control spring and suspension movement. Hence, they play an important role in the performance of the vehicle’s suspension system. Moreover, the rising usage of commercial vehicles for off-road projects is expected to boost the demand for shock absorbers. Furthermore, automotive suspension springs, struts, and links are also gaining popularity in most passenger & commercial vehicles in order to ensure a smooth & high-performance driving experience. Additionally, demand for active and semi-active suspension systems is increasing due to the rising preference for premium & luxury cars, which further drives the shock absorber segment. This can be attributed to an upgrade in the disposable income of car buyers in both developed and developing economies. However, car manufacturers should adopt predictive analysis software platforms to streamline budgets since financial experts are predicting an economic recession in the 3rd or 4th quarter of 2022.

Are Air Suspension Systems Better than Hydraulic Suspension Components?

Based on technology type, the global automotive suspension parts market has been bifurcated into gas charged suspension components and hydraulic suspension components. The hydraulic suspension components segment held a significant share of the global automotive suspension parts market and accounted for 57.5% share in 2021. However, it has been found that the hydraulic suspension components segment is projected to grow at a sluggish CAGR of 3.17% during the forecast period. This is evident since new technologies like electromechanical rotary dampers in shock absorbers and innovations in air suspension systems are emerging as a substitute for hydraulic suspension technology. Hence, automotive suspension parts suppliers should diversify their focus on air suspension systems and create awareness about the advantages of hydraulic suspension such as the flexibility of customization to meet specific requirements & desired level of performance in automobiles.

Hydraulic suspension technology is a well-known technology and is extensively adopted among most entry & mid-range vehicles. Such trends are contributing toward market expansion. On the other hand, demand for gas charged suspension components has increased at a rapid pace, as they are increasingly being integrated into premium & luxury vehicles. The primary focus of vehicle manufacturers these days is to enhance the performance of their vehicle models to gain a competitive edge over other automotive giants. This is expected to boost revenue growth in the gas charged suspension components segment throughout the assessment tenure.

Regional Outlook of Global Automotive Suspension Parts Market

The automotive suspension market size & share can be elaborated on a regional basis. In terms of revenue, Asia Pacific accounted for a notable share of 40.3% of the global automotive suspension parts market in 2021. The rise in production and sales of the passenger as well as commercial vehicles has resulted in significant demand for automotive suspension components. Moreover, demand for suspension components in the passenger cars segment accounted for around 67% share of the automotive suspension parts market in the Asia Pacific. This is evident since robust hydraulic suspension systems in vehicles are facilitating fast reaction time, implying that the suspension’s response on rough roads is instantaneous. Additionally, China accounts for almost 50% of the automotive suspension parts market in the Asia Pacific. The high presence of automotive heavyweights and government support for the strengthening of China’s automotive industry are leading factors that make China a lucrative market for investments & implementation of inorganic business strategies.

North America and Europe are also large-scale consumers of automotive suspension parts, and the regions held a cumulative share of 56% of the global market in 2021. The proliferation of premium light commercial vehicles and electric & hybrid electric vehicles across North America & Europe is also driving the demand for automotive suspension systems in these regions.

Middle East & Africa also have a large consumer base for luxury and sports cars, where manufacturers are integrating active & semi-active suspension systems in vehicles. This is estimated to boost growth in the market in these regions at a prominent growth rate during the forecast period. Companies are increasing R&D in top steering and suspension technology to gain a competitive advantage over other market players.

Analysis of Key Players in Global Automotive Suspension Parts Market

  • The global automotive suspension parts market is consolidated with a small number of vendors controlling a majority of the market share. Diversification of product portfolios and mergers & acquisitions are key strategies adopted by key players in order to broaden their business across the globe. Brinn Inc., BWI Group, Continental AG, Datsons Engineering Works Pvt. Ltd., DMA Sales, Inc., Duroshox, Endurance Technologies Limited, FCS Auto, Halla Holdings Corp., Hitachi Automotive Systems, Ltd., Kalyani Forge, Kobe Suspensions, KYB Corporation, LEACREE Company, Magneti Marelli S.p.A., Mubea Suspension Pvt. Ltd., QBAutomotive Inc., Ride Control, LLC, Robert Bosch GmbH, Samavardhana Motherson Group, Tenneco Inc., and ZF Friedrichshafen AG are the prominent entities operating in the market.
  • Therefore, all the top vendors in the global automotive advanced suspension control system industry should increase their research and development (R&D) activities to provide advanced solutions for vehicle suspension systems. Furthermore, increasing concerns among consumers about vehicle safety and the rising stringency of vehicle safety norms across the globe are expected to boost the integration of advanced suspension systems in vehicles, which in turn can further reduce vehicle body roll & improve vehicle performance.
  • The automotive suspension parts suppliers are broadening their components portfolio in automotive front end & rear end suspension system.

Key Developments in Global Automotive Suspension Parts Market

  • In December 2020, BWI Group developed an active roll-control system, which combines a unique hydraulic system with a second-generation rotary actuator that further enables the stabilizer bar in the vehicle to get connected for on-road vehicles, or it can also get disconnected for off-road vehicles
  • In February 2022, LEACREE launched the complete struts for popular luxury car brands. These struts offer superior suspension performance and extreme loading capacity that further provide quick engine response to the steering. LEACREE’s struts are widely adopted in BMW 1-series (F52), BMW X3 (F25), BMW 2-series and 3-series (F45 & F30), Mercedes-Benz A-Class (W169), ML-Class (W164), Audi A6, Audi Q5, GLA (X156), and Mini Countryman (R60).
  • In May 2021, Tenneco’s subsidiary, Tenneco DRiV Group, introduced Monroe Shocks and Struts, as a new part that covers around 12 million unit vehicles in operation (VIO). The new Monroe includes Monro-Matic PLUS shocks, Quick-Strut assemblies, RoadMatic strut assemblies, OESpectrum shocks, Strut-Mate mounting kits, and Magnum cab shocks, which cover approximately 200 popular domestic and import passenger vehicles.
  • Each of these players has been profiled in the automotive suspension parts market report based on parameters such as company overview, financial overview, business strategies, product portfolio, business segments, and recent developments

Automotive Suspension Parts Market Snapshot

Attribute

Detail

Market Size Value in 2021

US$ 26.2 Bn

Market Forecast Value in 2031

US$ 37.1 Bn

Growth Rate

(CAGR)

3.56%

Forecast Period

2022–2031

Historical Data Available for

2017–2020

Quantitative Units

US$ Mn for Value and Million Units for Volume

Market Analysis

It includes cross segment analysis at global as well as regional level. Furthermore, qualitative analysis includes drivers, restraints, opportunities, key trends, Porter’s Five Forces analysis, value chain analysis, and key trend analysis.

Competition Landscape

  • Market share analysis by company (2021)
  • Company profiles section includes overview, product portfolio, sales footprint, key subsidiaries or distributors, strategy & recent developments, and key financials

Format

Electronic (PDF) + Excel

Market Segmentation

  • Suspension Parts Type
    • Shock Absorbers
      • Conventional
      • Regenerative
    • Struts
    • Links
      • Forged
      • Cast
      • Stamped
    • Springs
      • Coil
      • Leaf
      • Torsion Bar
  • Technology Type
    • Gas charged suspension components
    • Hydraulic suspension components
  • Vehicle Type
    • Passenger Vehicles
      • Entry
      • Mid
      • Premium/luxury
    • Commercial Vehicle
      • Light Commercial Vehicle
      • Medium and Heavy Duty Vehicle
    • Buses and Coaches
  • Sales Channel
    • OEM
    • Aftermarket

Regions Covered

  • Americas
  • Europe
  • Asia Pacific
  • Middle East & Africa

Countries Covered

  • U.S.
  • Canada
  • Mexico
  • Brazil
  • Argentina
  • Colombia
  • Rest of Americas
  • Germany
  • U. K.
  • France
  • Italy
  • Spain
  • Czech Republic
  • Slovakia
  • Poland
  • Romania
  • Hungary
  • Belgium
  • Nordic Countries
  • Russia & CIS
  • Rest of Europe
  • China
  • India
  • Japan
  • South Korea
  • ANZ
  • ASEAN Countries
  • Rest of Asia Pacific
  • GCC Countries
  • Turkey
  • South Africa
  • Rest of Middle East & Africa

Companies Profiled

  • Brinn Inc.
  • BWI Group
  • Continental AG
  • Datsons Engineering Works Pvt. Ltd.
  • DMA Sales, Inc.
  • Duroshox
  • Endurance Technologies Limited
  • FCS Auto
  • Halla Holdings Corp.
  • Hitachi Automotive Systems, Ltd.
  • Kalyani Forge
  • Kobe Suspensions
  • KYB Corporation
  • LEACREE Company
  • Magneti Marelli S.p.A.
  • Mubea Suspension Pvt. Ltd.
  • QBAutomotive Inc.
  • Ride Control, LLC
  • Robert Bosch GmbH
  • Samavardhana Motherson Group
  • Tenneco Inc.
  • ZF Friedrichshafen AG

Customization Scope

Available upon request

Pricing

Available upon request

Frequently Asked Questions

What is the projected automotive suspension parts market size in 2031?

The automotive suspension parts market is expected to cross the value of US$ 37.1 Bn by 2031.

What would be the CAGR of the automotive suspension parts market?

The automotive suspension parts market is estimated to expand at a CAGR of 3.56% during the forecast period.

What are the key factors driving the automotive suspension parts market?

Rise in automotive production & sales and increase in concerns among customers about performance and safety of vehicles are key factors driving the automotive suspension parts market.

Which vehicle type segment contributed the largest market share in 2021?

The passenger vehicle segment accounted for a prominent share of 57% of the automotive suspension parts market in 2021.

Which region is more attractive for vendors in the automotive suspension parts market?

Asia Pacific is more attractive for vendors in the automotive suspension parts market.

Who are the key players in the automotive suspension parts market?

Key players of the automotive suspension parts market include Brinn Inc., BWI Group, Continental AG, Datsons Engineering Works Pvt. Ltd., DMA Sales, Inc., Duroshox, Endurance Technologies Limited, FCS Auto, Halla Holdings Corp., Hitachi Automotive Systems, Ltd., Kalyani Forge, Kobe Suspensions, KYB Corporation, LEACREE Company, Magneti Marelli S.p.A., Mubea Suspension Pvt. Ltd., QBAutomotive Inc., Ride Control, LLC, Robert Bosch GmbH, Samavardhana Motherson Group, Tenneco Inc., and ZF Friedrichs

1. Executive Summary

    1.1. Market Outlook

        1.1.1. Market Value US$ Mn, 2017‒2031

    1.2. Competitive Dashboard Analysis

2. Market Overview

    2.1. TMR Analysis and Recommendations

    2.2. Market Coverage / Taxonomy

    2.3. Market Definition / Scope / Limitations

    2.4. Macro-Economic Factors

    2.5. Market Dynamics

        2.5.1. Drivers

        2.5.2. Restraints

        2.5.3. Opportunity

    2.6. Market Factor Analysis

        2.6.1. Porter’s Five Force Analysis

        2.6.2. SWOT Analysis

    2.7. Regulatory Scenario

    2.8. Key Trend Analysis

    2.9. Value Chain Analysis

    2.10. Gross Margin Analysis

3. Pricing Analysis

4. COVID-19 Impact Analysis – Automotive Suspension Parts

5. Material Analysis by Key Players for each country

6. Global Automotive Suspension Parts Market

    6.1. Market Snapshot

    6.2. Global Automotive Suspension Parts Market Size Analysis & Forecast, by Technology Type, 2017‒2031

        6.2.1. Gas charged suspension components

        6.2.2. Hydraulic suspension components

    6.3. Automotive Suspension Parts Market Size Analysis & Forecast, by Suspension Parts Type, 2017‒2031

        6.3.1. Shock Absorbers

            6.3.1.1. Conventional

            6.3.1.2. Regenerative

        6.3.2. Struts

        6.3.3. Links

            6.3.3.1. Straight Bars

            6.3.3.2. Forged

            6.3.3.3. Cast

            6.3.3.4. Stamped

        6.3.4. Springs

            6.3.4.1. Coil

            6.3.4.2. Leaf

            6.3.4.3. Torsion

    6.4. Automotive Suspension Parts Market Size Analysis & Forecast, by Vehicle Type, 2017‒2031

        6.4.1. Passenger Vehicles

            6.4.1.1. Entry

            6.4.1.2. Mid

            6.4.1.3. Premium/ Luxury

        6.4.2. Commercial Vehicle

            6.4.2.1. Light Commercial Vehicles

            6.4.2.2. Medium and Heavy Duty Trucks

            6.4.2.3. Buses and Coaches

    6.5. Automotive Suspension Parts Market Size Analysis & Forecast, by Sales Channel, 2017‒2031 

        6.5.1. OEM

        6.5.2. Aftermarket

    6.6. Key Region Analysis – Global Automotive Suspension Parts Market Size Analysis & Forecast, 2017‒2031

        6.6.1. Americas

        6.6.2. Europe

        6.6.3. Asia Pacific

        6.6.4. Middle East & Africa

7. Americas Automotive Suspension Parts Market

    7.1. Market Snapshot

    7.2. Americas Automotive Suspension Parts Market Size Analysis & Forecast, by Technology Type, 2017‒2031

        7.2.1. Gas charged suspension components

        7.2.2. Hydraulic suspension components

    7.3. Automotive Suspension Parts Market Size Analysis & Forecast, by Suspension Parts Type, 2017‒2031

        7.3.1. Shock Absorbers

            7.3.1.1. Conventional

            7.3.1.2. Regenerative

        7.3.2. Struts

        7.3.3. Links

            7.3.3.1. Straight Bars

            7.3.3.2. Forged

            7.3.3.3. Cast

            7.3.3.4. Stamped

        7.3.4. Springs

            7.3.4.1. Coil

            7.3.4.2. Leaf

            7.3.4.3. Torsion

    7.4. Automotive Suspension Parts Market Size Analysis & Forecast, by Vehicle Type, 2017‒2031

        7.4.1. Passenger Vehicles

            7.4.1.1. Entry

            7.4.1.2. Mid

            7.4.1.3. Premium/ Luxury

        7.4.2. Commercial Vehicle

            7.4.2.1. Light Commercial Vehicles

            7.4.2.2. Medium and Heavy Duty Trucks

            7.4.2.3. Buses and Coaches

    7.5. Automotive Suspension Parts Market Size Analysis & Forecast, by Sales Channel, 2017‒2031 

        7.5.1. OEM

        7.5.2. Aftermarket

    7.6. Key Country Analysis – Americas Automotive Suspension Parts Market Size Analysis & Forecast, 2017‒2031

        7.6.1. U. S.

        7.6.2. Canada

        7.6.3. Mexico

        7.6.4. Brazil

        7.6.5. Argentina

        7.6.6. Colombia

        7.6.7. Rest of Americas

8. Europe Automotive Suspension Parts Market

    8.1. Market Snapshot

    8.2. Europe Automotive Suspension Parts Market Size Analysis & Forecast, by Technology Type, 2017‒2031

        8.2.1. Gas charged suspension components

        8.2.2. Hydraulic suspension components

    8.3. Automotive Suspension Parts Market Size Analysis & Forecast, by Suspension Parts Type, 2017‒2031

        8.3.1. Shock Absorbers

            8.3.1.1. Conventional

            8.3.1.2. Regenerative

        8.3.2. Struts

        8.3.3. Links

            8.3.3.1. Straight Bars

            8.3.3.2. Forged

            8.3.3.3. Cast

            8.3.3.4. Stamped

        8.3.4. Springs

            8.3.4.1. Coil

            8.3.4.2. Leaf

            8.3.4.3. Torsion

    8.4. Automotive Suspension Parts Market Size Analysis & Forecast, by Vehicle Type, 2017‒2031

        8.4.1. Passenger Vehicles

            8.4.1.1. Entry

            8.4.1.2. Mid

            8.4.1.3. Premium/ Luxury

        8.4.2. Commercial Vehicle

            8.4.2.1. Light Commercial Vehicles

            8.4.2.2. Medium and Heavy Duty Trucks

            8.4.2.3. Buses and Coaches

    8.5. Automotive Suspension Parts Market Size Analysis & Forecast, by Sale Channel, 2017‒2031 

        8.5.1. OEM

        8.5.2. Aftermarket

    8.6. Key Country Analysis – Europe Automotive Suspension Parts Market Size Analysis & Forecast, 2017‒2031

        8.6.1. Germany

        8.6.2. U. K.

        8.6.3. France

        8.6.4. Italy

        8.6.5. Spain

        8.6.6. Czech Republic

        8.6.7. Slovakia

        8.6.8. Poland

        8.6.9. Romania

        8.6.10. Hungary

        8.6.11. Belgium

        8.6.12. Nordic Countries

        8.6.13. Russia & CIS

        8.6.14. Rest of Europe

9. Asia Pacific Automotive Suspension Parts Market

    9.1. Market Snapshot

    9.2. Asia Pacific Automotive Suspension Parts Market Size Analysis & Forecast, by Technology Type, 2017‒2031

        9.2.1. Gas charged suspension components

        9.2.2. Hydraulic suspension components

    9.3. Automotive Suspension Parts Market Size Analysis & Forecast, by Suspension Parts Type, 2017‒2031

        9.3.1. Shock Absorbers

            9.3.1.1. Conventional

            9.3.1.2. Regenerative

        9.3.2. Struts

        9.3.3. Links

            9.3.3.1. Straight Bars

            9.3.3.2. Forged

            9.3.3.3. Cast

            9.3.3.4. Stamped

        9.3.4. Springs

            9.3.4.1. Coil

            9.3.4.2. Leaf

            9.3.4.3. Torsion

    9.4. Automotive Suspension Parts Market Size Analysis & Forecast, by Vehicle Type, 2017‒2031

        9.4.1. Passenger Vehicles

            9.4.1.1. Entry

            9.4.1.2. Mid

            9.4.1.3. Premium/ Luxury

        9.4.2. Commercial Vehicle

            9.4.2.1. Light Commercial Vehicles

            9.4.2.2. Medium and Heavy Duty Trucks

            9.4.2.3. Buses and Coaches

    9.5. Automotive Suspension Parts Market Size Analysis & Forecast, by Sales Channel, 2017‒2031 

        9.5.1. OEM

        9.5.2. Aftermarket

    9.6. Key Country Analysis – Asia Pacific Automotive Suspension Parts Market Size Analysis & Forecast, 2017‒2031

        9.6.1. China

        9.6.2. India

        9.6.3. Japan

        9.6.4. South Korea

        9.6.5. ANZ

        9.6.6. ASEAN Countries

        9.6.7. Rest of Asia Pacific

10. Middle East & Africa Automotive Suspension Parts Market

    10.1. Market Snapshot

    10.2. Middle East & Africa Automotive Suspension Parts Market Size Analysis & Forecast, by Technology Type, 2017‒2031

        10.2.1. Gas charged suspension components

        10.2.2. Hydraulic suspension components

    10.3. Automotive Suspension Parts Market Size Analysis & Forecast, by Suspension Parts Type, 2017‒2031

        10.3.1. Shock Absorbers

            10.3.1.1. Conventional

            10.3.1.2. Regenerative

        10.3.2. Struts

        10.3.3. Links

            10.3.3.1. Straight Bars

            10.3.3.2. Forged

            10.3.3.3. Cast

            10.3.3.4. Stamped

        10.3.4. Springs

            10.3.4.1. Coil

            10.3.4.2. Leaf

            10.3.4.3. Torsion

    10.4. Automotive Suspension Parts Market Size Analysis & Forecast, by Vehicle Type, 2017‒2031

        10.4.1. Passenger Vehicles

            10.4.1.1. Entry

            10.4.1.2. Mid

            10.4.1.3. Premium/ Luxury

        10.4.2. Commercial Vehicle

            10.4.2.1. Light Commercial Vehicles

            10.4.2.2. Medium and Heavy Duty Trucks

            10.4.2.3. Buses and Coaches

    10.5. Automotive Suspension Parts Market Size Analysis & Forecast, by Sale Channel, 2017‒2031

        10.5.1. OEM

        10.5.2. Aftermarket

    10.6. Key Country Analysis – Middle East & Africa Automotive Suspension Parts Market Size Analysis & Forecast, 2017‒2031

        10.6.1. GCC Countries

        10.6.2. Turkey

        10.6.3. South Africa

        10.6.4. Rest of Middle East & Africa

11. Competitive Landscape

    11.1. Company Share Analysis/ Brand Share Analysis, 2021

    11.2. Pricing comparison among key players

    11.3. Company Analysis for each player (Company Overview, Company Footprints, Production Locations, Product Portfolio, Competitors & Customers, Subsidiaries & Parent Organization, Recent Developments, Financial Analysis, Profitability, Revenue Share)

    11.4. Company Profile/ Key Players

        11.4.1. Brinn Inc.

             11.4.1.1. Company Overview

             11.4.1.2. Company Footprints

             11.4.1.3. Production Locations

             11.4.1.4. Product Portfolio

             11.4.1.5. Competitors & Customers

             11.4.1.6. Subsidiaries & Parent Organization

             11.4.1.7. Recent Developments

             11.4.1.8. Financial Analysis

             11.4.1.9. Profitability

             11.4.1.10. Revenue Share

        11.4.2. BWI Group

             11.4.2.1. Company Overview

             11.4.2.2. Company Footprints

             11.4.2.3. Production Locations

             11.4.2.4. Product Portfolio

             11.4.2.5. Competitors & Customers

             11.4.2.6. Subsidiaries & Parent Organization

             11.4.2.7. Recent Developments

             11.4.2.8. Financial Analysis

             11.4.2.9. Profitability

             11.4.2.10. Revenue Share

        11.4.3. Continental AG

             11.4.3.1. Company Overview

             11.4.3.2. Company Footprints

             11.4.3.3. Production Locations

             11.4.3.4. Product Portfolio

             11.4.3.5. Competitors & Customers

             11.4.3.6. Subsidiaries & Parent Organization

             11.4.3.7. Recent Developments

             11.4.3.8. Financial Analysis

             11.4.3.9. Profitability

             11.4.3.10. Revenue Share

        11.4.4. Datsons Engineering Works Pvt. Ltd.

             11.4.4.1. Company Overview

             11.4.4.2. Company Footprints

             11.4.4.3. Production Locations

             11.4.4.4. Product Portfolio

             11.4.4.5. Competitors & Customers

             11.4.4.6. Subsidiaries & Parent Organization

             11.4.4.7. Recent Developments

             11.4.4.8. Financial Analysis

             11.4.4.9. Profitability

             11.4.4.10. Revenue Share

        11.4.5. DMA Sales, Inc.

             11.4.5.1. Company Overview

             11.4.5.2. Company Footprints

             11.4.5.3. Production Locations

             11.4.5.4. Product Portfolio

             11.4.5.5. Competitors & Customers

             11.4.5.6. Subsidiaries & Parent Organization

             11.4.5.7. Recent Developments

             11.4.5.8. Financial Analysis

             11.4.5.9. Profitability

             11.4.5.10. Revenue Share

        11.4.6. Duroshox

             11.4.6.1. Company Overview

             11.4.6.2. Company Footprints

             11.4.6.3. Production Locations

             11.4.6.4. Product Portfolio

             11.4.6.5. Competitors & Customers

             11.4.6.6. Subsidiaries & Parent Organization

             11.4.6.7. Recent Developments

             11.4.6.8. Financial Analysis

             11.4.6.9. Profitability

             11.4.6.10. Revenue Share

        11.4.7. Endurance Technologies Limited

             11.4.7.1. Company Overview

             11.4.7.2. Company Footprints

             11.4.7.3. Production Locations

             11.4.7.4. Product Portfolio

             11.4.7.5. Competitors & Customers

             11.4.7.6. Subsidiaries & Parent Organization

             11.4.7.7. Recent Developments

             11.4.7.8. Financial Analysis

             11.4.7.9. Profitability

             11.4.7.10. Revenue Share

        11.4.8. FCS Auto

             11.4.8.1. Company Overview

             11.4.8.2. Company Footprints

             11.4.8.3. Production Locations

             11.4.8.4. Product Portfolio

             11.4.8.5. Competitors & Customers

             11.4.8.6. Subsidiaries & Parent Organization

             11.4.8.7. Recent Developments

             11.4.8.8. Financial Analysis

             11.4.8.9. Profitability

             11.4.8.10. Revenue Share

        11.4.9. Halla Holdings Corp.

             11.4.9.1. Company Overview

             11.4.9.2. Company Footprints

             11.4.9.3. Production Locations

             11.4.9.4. Product Portfolio

             11.4.9.5. Competitors & Customers

             11.4.9.6. Subsidiaries & Parent Organization

             11.4.9.7. Recent Developments

             11.4.9.8. Financial Analysis

             11.4.9.9. Profitability

             11.4.9.10. Revenue Share

        11.4.10. Hitachi Automotive Systems, Ltd.

             11.4.10.1. Company Overview

             11.4.10.2. Company Footprints

             11.4.10.3. Production Locations

             11.4.10.4. Product Portfolio

             11.4.10.5. Competitors & Customers

             11.4.10.6. Subsidiaries & Parent Organization

             11.4.10.7. Recent Developments

             11.4.10.8. Financial Analysis

             11.4.10.9. Profitability

             11.4.10.10. Revenue Share

        11.4.11. Kalyani Forge ltd.

             11.4.11.1. Company Overview

             11.4.11.2. Company Footprints

             11.4.11.3. Production Locations

             11.4.11.4. Product Portfolio

             11.4.11.5. Competitors & Customers

             11.4.11.6. Subsidiaries & Parent Organization

             11.4.11.7. Recent Developments

             11.4.11.8. Financial Analysis

             11.4.11.9. Profitability

             11.4.11.10. Revenue Share

        11.4.12. Kobe Suspensions

             11.4.12.1. Company Overview

             11.4.12.2. Company Footprints

             11.4.12.3. Production Locations

             11.4.12.4. Product Portfolio

             11.4.12.5. Competitors & Customers

             11.4.12.6. Subsidiaries & Parent Organization

             11.4.12.7. Recent Developments

             11.4.12.8. Financial Analysis

             11.4.12.9. Profitability

             11.4.12.10. Revenue Share

        11.4.13. KYB

             11.4.13.1. Company Overview

             11.4.13.2. Company Footprints

             11.4.13.3. Production Locations

             11.4.13.4. Product Portfolio

             11.4.13.5. Competitors & Customers

             11.4.13.6. Subsidiaries & Parent Organization

             11.4.13.7. Recent Developments

             11.4.13.8. Financial Analysis

             11.4.13.9. Profitability

             11.4.13.10. Revenue Share

        11.4.14. LEACREE Company

             11.4.14.1. Company Overview

             11.4.14.2. Company Footprints

             11.4.14.3. Production Locations

             11.4.14.4. Product Portfolio

             11.4.14.5. Competitors & Customers

             11.4.14.6. Subsidiaries & Parent Organization

             11.4.14.7. Recent Developments

             11.4.14.8. Financial Analysis

             11.4.14.9. Profitability

             11.4.14.10. Revenue Share

        11.4.15. Magneti Marelli S.p.A.

             11.4.15.1. Company Overview

             11.4.15.2. Company Footprints

             11.4.15.3. Production Locations

             11.4.15.4. Product Portfolio

             11.4.15.5. Competitors & Customers

             11.4.15.6. Subsidiaries & Parent Organization

             11.4.15.7. Recent Developments

             11.4.15.8. Financial Analysis

             11.4.15.9. Profitability

             11.4.15.10. Revenue Share

        11.4.16. Mubea Suspension Pvt. Ltd.

             11.4.16.1. Company Overview

             11.4.16.2. Company Footprints

             11.4.16.3. Production Locations

             11.4.16.4. Product Portfolio

             11.4.16.5. Competitors & Customers

             11.4.16.6. Subsidiaries & Parent Organization

             11.4.16.7. Recent Developments

             11.4.16.8. Financial Analysis

             11.4.16.9. Profitability

             11.4.16.10. Revenue Share

        11.4.17. QBAutomotive

             11.4.17.1. Company Overview

             11.4.17.2. Company Footprints

             11.4.17.3. Production Locations

             11.4.17.4. Product Portfolio

             11.4.17.5. Competitors & Customers

             11.4.17.6. Subsidiaries & Parent Organization

             11.4.17.7. Recent Developments

             11.4.17.8. Financial Analysis

             11.4.17.9. Profitability

             11.4.17.10. Revenue Share

        11.4.18. Ride Control, LLC

             11.4.18.1. Company Overview

             11.4.18.2. Company Footprints

             11.4.18.3. Production Locations

             11.4.18.4. Product Portfolio

             11.4.18.5. Competitors & Customers

             11.4.18.6. Subsidiaries & Parent Organization

             11.4.18.7. Recent Developments

             11.4.18.8. Financial Analysis

             11.4.18.9. Profitability

             11.4.18.10. Revenue Share

        11.4.19. Robert Bosch GmbH

             11.4.19.1. Company Overview

             11.4.19.2. Company Footprints

             11.4.19.3. Production Locations

             11.4.19.4. Product Portfolio

             11.4.19.5. Competitors & Customers

             11.4.19.6. Subsidiaries & Parent Organization

             11.4.19.7. Recent Developments

             11.4.19.8. Financial Analysis

             11.4.19.9. Profitability

             11.4.19.10. Revenue Share

        11.4.20. Samavardhana Motherson Group

             11.4.20.1. Company Overview

             11.4.20.2. Company Footprints

             11.4.20.3. Production Locations

             11.4.20.4. Product Portfolio

             11.4.20.5. Competitors & Customers

             11.4.20.6. Subsidiaries & Parent Organization

             11.4.20.7. Recent Developments

             11.4.20.8. Financial Analysis

             11.4.20.9. Profitability

             11.4.20.10. Revenue Share

        11.4.21. Tenneco Inc.,

             11.4.21.1. Company Overview

             11.4.21.2. Company Footprints

             11.4.21.3. Production Locations

             11.4.21.4. Product Portfolio

             11.4.21.5. Competitors & Customers

             11.4.21.6. Subsidiaries & Parent Organization

             11.4.21.7. Recent Developments

             11.4.21.8. Financial Analysis

             11.4.21.9. Profitability

             11.4.21.10. Revenue Share

        11.4.22. ZF Friedrichshafen AG

             11.4.22.1. Company Overview

             11.4.22.2. Company Footprints

             11.4.22.3. Production Locations

             11.4.22.4. Product Portfolio

             11.4.22.5. Competitors & Customers

             11.4.22.6. Subsidiaries & Parent Organization

             11.4.22.7. Recent Developments

             11.4.22.8. Financial Analysis

             11.4.22.9. Profitability

             11.4.22.10. Revenue Share

        11.4.23. Other Key Players

             11.4.23.1. Company Overview

             11.4.23.2. Company Footprints

             11.4.23.3. Production Locations

             11.4.23.4. Product Portfolio

             11.4.23.5. Competitors & Customers

             11.4.23.6. Subsidiaries & Parent Organization

             11.4.23.7. Recent Developments

             11.4.23.8. Financial Analysis

             11.4.23.9. Profitability

             11.4.23.10. Revenue Share

List of Table

Table 1: Global Suspension Parts Pricing

Table 2: Global Automotive Suspension Parts Market Size & Forecast, Volume (Million Units), by Suspension Parts Type, 2017‒2031

Table 3: Global Automotive Suspension Parts Market Size & Forecast, Value (US$ Mn), by Suspension Parts Type, 2017‒2031

Table 4: Global Automotive Suspension Parts Market Size & Forecast, Volume (Million Units), by Technology Type, 2017‒2031

Table 5: Global Automotive Suspension Parts Market Size & Forecast, Value (US$ Mn), by Technology Type, 2017‒2031

Table 6: Global Automotive Suspension Parts Market Size & Forecast, Volume (Million Units), by Vehicle Type, 2017‒2031

Table 7: Global Automotive Suspension Parts Market Size & Forecast, Value (US$ Mn), by Vehicle Type, 2017‒2031

Table 8: Global Automotive Suspension Parts Market Size & Forecast, Volume (Million Units), by Sales Channel, 2017‒2031

Table 9: Global Automotive Suspension Parts Market Size & Forecast, Value (US$ Mn), by Sales Channel, 2017‒2031

Table 10: Global Automotive Suspension Parts Market Size & Forecast, Volume (Million Units), by Region, 2017‒2031

Table 11: Global Automotive Suspension Parts Market Size & Forecast, Revenue (US$ Mn), by Region, 2017‒2031

Table 12: Americas Automotive Suspension Parts Market Size & Forecast, Volume (Million Units), by Suspension Parts Type, 2017‒2031

Table 13: Americas Automotive Suspension Parts Market Size & Forecast, Value (US$ Mn), by Suspension Parts Type, 2017‒2031

Table 14: Americas Automotive Suspension Parts Market Size & Forecast, Volume (Million Units), by Technology Type, 2017‒2031

Table 15: Americas Automotive Suspension Parts Market Size & Forecast, Value (US$ Mn), by Technology Type, 2017‒2031

Table 16: Americas Automotive Suspension Parts Market Size & Forecast, Volume (Million Units), by Vehicle Type, 2017‒2031

Table 17: Americas Automotive Suspension Parts Market Size & Forecast, Value (US$ Mn), by Vehicle Type, 2017‒2031

Table 18: Americas Automotive Suspension Parts Market Size & Forecast, Volume (Million Units), by Sales Channel, 2017‒2031

Table 19: Americas Automotive Suspension Parts Market Size & Forecast, Value (US$ Mn), by Sales Channel, 2017‒2031

Table 20: Americas Automotive Suspension Parts Market Size & Forecast, Volume (Million Units), by Country & Sub-region, 2017‒2031

Table 21: Americas Automotive Suspension Parts Market Size & Forecast, Revenue (US$ Mn), by Country & Sub-region, 2017‒2031

Table 22: Europe Automotive Suspension Parts Market Size & Forecast, Volume (Million Units), by Suspension Parts Type, 2017‒2031

Table 23: Europe Automotive Suspension Parts Market Size & Forecast, Value (US$ Mn), by Suspension Parts Type, 2017‒2031

Table 24: Europe Automotive Suspension Parts Market Size & Forecast, Volume (Million Units), by Technology Type, 2017‒2031

Table 25: Europe Automotive Suspension Parts Market Size & Forecast, Value (US$ Mn), by Technology Type, 2017‒2031

Table 26: Europe Automotive Suspension Parts Market Size & Forecast, Volume (Million Units), by Vehicle Type, 2017‒2031

Table 27: Europe Automotive Suspension Parts Market Size & Forecast, Value (US$ Mn), by Vehicle Type, 2017‒2031

Table 28: Europe Automotive Suspension Parts Market Size & Forecast, Volume (Million Units), by Sales Channel, 2017‒2031

Table 29: Europe Automotive Suspension Parts Market Size & Forecast, Value (US$ Mn), by Sales Channel, 2017‒2031

Table 30: Europe Automotive Suspension Parts Market Size & Forecast, Volume (Million Units), by Country & Sub-region, 2017‒2031

Table 31: Europe Automotive Suspension Parts Market Size & Forecast, Revenue (US$ Mn), by Country & Sub-region, 2017‒2031

Table 32: Asia Pacific Automotive Suspension Parts Market Size & Forecast, Volume (Million Units), by Suspension Parts Type, 2017‒2031

Table 33: Asia Pacific Automotive Suspension Parts Market Size & Forecast, Value (US$ Mn), by Suspension Parts Type, 2017‒2031

Table 34: Asia Pacific Automotive Suspension Parts Market Size & Forecast, Volume (Million Units), by Technology Type, 2017‒2031

Table 35: Asia Pacific Automotive Suspension Parts Market Size & Forecast, Value (US$ Mn), by Technology Type, 2017‒2031

Table 36: Asia Pacific Automotive Suspension Parts Market Size & Forecast, Volume (Million Units), by Vehicle Type, 2017‒2031

Table 37: Asia Pacific Automotive Suspension Parts Market Size & Forecast, Value (US$ Mn), by Vehicle Type, 2017‒2031

Table 38: Asia Pacific Automotive Suspension Parts Market Size & Forecast, Volume (Million Units), by Sales Channel, 2017‒2031

Table 39: Asia Pacific Automotive Suspension Parts Market Size & Forecast, Value (US$ Mn), by Sales Channel, 2017‒2031

Table 40: Asia Pacific Automotive Suspension Parts Market Size & Forecast, Volume (Million Units), by Country & Sub-region, 2017‒2031

Table 41: Asia Pacific Automotive Suspension Parts Market Size & Forecast, Revenue (US$ Mn), by Country & Sub-region, 2017‒2031

Table 42: Middle East & Africa Automotive Suspension Parts Market Size & Forecast, Volume (Million Units), by Suspension Parts Type, 2017‒2031

Table 43: Middle East & Africa Automotive Suspension Parts Market Size & Forecast, Value (US$ Mn), by Suspension Parts Type, 2017‒2031

Table 44: Middle East & Africa Automotive Suspension Parts Market Size & Forecast, Volume (Million Units), by Technology Type, 2017‒2031

Table 45: Middle East & Africa Automotive Suspension Parts Market Size & Forecast, Value (US$ Mn), by Technology Type, 2017‒2031

Table 46: Middle East & Africa Automotive Suspension Parts Market Size & Forecast, Volume (Million Units), by Vehicle Type, 2017‒2031

Table 47: Middle East & Africa Automotive Suspension Parts Market Size & Forecast, Value (US$ Mn), by Vehicle Type, 2017‒2031

Table 48: Middle East & Africa Automotive Suspension Parts Market Size & Forecast, Volume (Million Units), by Sales Channel, 2017‒2031

Table 49: Middle East & Africa Automotive Suspension Parts Market Size & Forecast, Value (US$ Mn), by Sales Channel, 2017‒2031

Table 50: Middle East & Africa Automotive Suspension Parts Market Size & Forecast, Volume (Million Units), by Country & Sub-region, 2017‒2031

Table 51: Middle East & Africa Automotive Suspension Parts Market Size & Forecast, Revenue (US$ Mn), by Country & Sub-region, 2017‒2031

List of Figures

Figure 1: Global Automotive Suspension Parts Market Volume (Million Units) Forecast, 2017–2031 

Figure 2: Global Automotive Suspension Parts Market Revenue (US$ Million) Forecast, 2017–2031 

Figure 3: Key Segment Analysis for Global

Figure 4: Global Automotive Suspension Parts Market Size & Forecast, Revenue (US$ Mn), 2017‒2031

Figure 5: Global Automotive Suspension Parts Market Size & Forecast, Revenue (US$ Mn), by Suspension Parts Type, 2017‒2031

Figure 6: Global Market Attractiveness, Value (US$ Mn), by Suspension Parts Type, 2022‒2031

Figure 7: Global Automotive Suspension Parts Market Size & Forecast, Revenue (US$ Mn), by Technology Type, 2017‒2031

Figure 8: Global Market Attractiveness, Value (US$ Mn), by Technology Type, 2022‒2031

Figure 9: Global Automotive Suspension Parts Market Size & Forecast, Revenue (US$ Mn), by Vehicle Type, 2017‒2031

Figure 10: Global Market Attractiveness, Value (US$ Mn), by Vehicle Type, 2022‒2031

Figure 11: Global Automotive Suspension Parts Market Size & Forecast, Revenue (US$ Mn), by Sales Channel, 2017‒2031

Figure 12: Global Market Attractiveness, Value (US$ Mn), by Sales Channel, 2022‒2031

Figure 13: Global Automotive Suspension Parts Market Size & Forecast, Revenue (US$ Mn), by Region, 2017‒2031

Figure 14: Global Market Attractiveness, Value (US$ Mn), by Region, 2022‒2031

Figure 15: Americas Automotive Suspension Parts Market Size & Forecast, Revenue (US$ Mn), by Suspension Parts Type, 2017‒2031

Figure 16: Americas Market Attractiveness, Value (US$ Mn), by Suspension Parts Type, 2022‒2031

Figure 17: Americas Automotive Suspension Parts Market Size & Forecast, Revenue (US$ Mn), by Technology Type, 2017‒2031

Figure 18: Americas Market Attractiveness, Value (US$ Mn), by Technology Type, 2022‒2031

Figure 19: Americas Automotive Suspension Parts Market Size & Forecast, Revenue (US$ Mn), by Vehicle Type, 2017‒2031

Figure 20: Americas Market Attractiveness, Value (US$ Mn), by Vehicle Type, 2022‒2031

Figure 21: Americas Automotive Suspension Parts Market Size & Forecast, Revenue (US$ Mn), by Sales Channel, 2017‒2031

Figure 22: Americas Market Attractiveness, Value (US$ Mn), by Sales Channel, 2022‒2031

Figure 23: Americas Automotive Suspension Parts Market Size & Forecast, Revenue (US$ Mn), by Country & Sub-region, 2017‒2031

Figure 24: Americas Market Attractiveness, Value (US$ Mn), by Country & Sub-region, 2022‒2031

Figure 25: Europe Automotive Suspension Parts Market Size & Forecast, Revenue (US$ Mn), by Suspension Parts Type, 2017‒2031

Figure 26: Europe Market Attractiveness, Value (US$ Mn), by Suspension Parts Type, 2022‒2031

Figure 27: Europe Automotive Suspension Parts Market Size & Forecast, Revenue (US$ Mn), by Technology Type, 2017‒2031

Figure 28: Europe Market Attractiveness, Value (US$ Mn), by Technology Type, 2022‒2031

Figure 29: Europe Automotive Suspension Parts Market Size & Forecast, Revenue (US$ Mn), by Vehicle Type, 2017‒2031

Figure 30: Europe Market Attractiveness, Value (US$ Mn), by Vehicle Type, 2022‒2031

Figure 31: Europe Automotive Suspension Parts Market Size & Forecast, Revenue (US$ Mn), by Sales Channel, 2017‒2031

Figure 32: Europe Market Attractiveness, Value (US$ Mn), by Sales Channel, 2022‒2031

Figure 33: Europe Automotive Suspension Parts Market Size & Forecast, Revenue (US$ Mn), by Country & Sub-region, 2017‒2031

Figure 34: Europe Market Attractiveness, Value (US$ Mn), by Country & Sub-region, 2022‒2031

Figure 35: Asia Pacific Automotive Suspension Parts Market Size & Forecast, Revenue (US$ Mn), by Suspension Parts Type, 2017‒2031

Figure 36: Asia Pacific Market Attractiveness, Value (US$ Mn), by Suspension Parts Type, 2022‒2031

Figure 37: Asia Pacific Automotive Suspension Parts Market Size & Forecast, Revenue (US$ Mn), by Technology Type, 2017‒2031

Figure 38: Asia Pacific Market Attractiveness, Value (US$ Mn), by Technology Type, 2022‒2031

Figure 39: Asia Pacific Automotive Suspension Parts Market Size & Forecast, Revenue (US$ Mn), by Vehicle Type, 2017‒2031

Figure 40: Asia Pacific Market Attractiveness, Value (US$ Mn), by Vehicle Type, 2022‒2031

Figure 41: Asia Pacific Automotive Suspension Parts Market Size & Forecast, Revenue (US$ Mn), by Sales Channel, 2017‒2031

Figure 42: Asia Pacific Market Attractiveness, Value (US$ Mn), by Sales Channel, 2022‒2031

Figure 43: Asia Pacific Automotive Suspension Parts Market Size & Forecast, Revenue (US$ Mn), by Country & Sub-region, 2017‒2031

Figure 44: Asia Pacific Market Attractiveness, Value (US$ Mn), by Country & Sub-region, 2022‒2031

Figure 45: Middle East & Africa Automotive Suspension Parts Market Size & Forecast, Revenue (US$ Mn), by Suspension Parts Type, 2017‒2031

Figure 46: Middle East & Africa Market Attractiveness, Value (US$ Mn), by Suspension Parts Type, 2022‒2031

Figure 47: Middle East & Africa Automotive Suspension Parts Market Size & Forecast, Revenue (US$ Mn), by Technology Type, 2017‒2031

Figure 48: Middle East & Africa Market Attractiveness, Value (US$ Mn), by Technology Type, 2022‒2031

Figure 49: Middle East & Africa Automotive Suspension Parts Market Size & Forecast, Revenue (US$ Mn), by Vehicle Type, 2017‒2031

Figure 50: Middle East & Africa Market Attractiveness, Value (US$ Mn), by Vehicle Type, 2022‒2031

Figure 51: Middle East & Africa Automotive Suspension Parts Market Size & Forecast, Revenue (US$ Mn), by Sales Channel, 2017‒2031

Figure 52: Middle East & Africa Market Attractiveness, Value (US$ Mn), by Sales Channel, 2022‒2031

Figure 53: Middle East & Africa Automotive Suspension Parts Market Size & Forecast, Revenue (US$ Mn), by Country & Sub-region, 2017‒2031

Figure 54: Middle East & Africa Market Attractiveness, Value (US$ Mn), by Country & Sub-region, 2022‒2031

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